Coastal Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Coastal Development - Assignment Example Currently, plans are underway in finding the best way of mitigating the effects of Hurricane Sandy, which is expected to hit the coastline in the near future (Hutchins and Augenstein, 2012). Although controversies have marred the proposed new construction measures at the New Jersey shore-front, the only way to protect the communities living near the shoreline is to establish new construction requirements to ensure that structures built near the shoreline are strong enough and capable of withstanding heavy storms. The devastation caused by Hurricane Sandy confirmed that the existing building codes cannot solve flooding and elevation problems witnessed whenever a storm hits New Jersey coastline. Therefore, to mitigate future damage that may be caused by heavy storms, the property owners at the New Jersey coastline will be required to elevate their buildings above the base flooding elevations (BFE). The flood elevation requirement issued by Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which is effective from October 2013, requires that properties built in the coastlines, which are prone to storms should be built above the flood elevation threshold (Foster, 2014). Building properties above the BFE will ensure that the flooding does not reach the properties in case of a storm like the Hurricane Sandy. Since storms are accompanied by heavy winds, contractors and property owners at New Jersey coastlines will be required to build structures that are capable of withstanding high winds. In this regard, the contractors will be required to ensure that properties have wind-rated roof covers capable of withstanding strong winds. Additionally, the contractors will also be required to ensure that adequate protections of openings, such as doors and windows are created to protect properties from strong wind pressure and windborne debris. Where necessary,

Marketing trend (Importance of brand identity) Assignment

Marketing trend (Importance of brand identity) - Assignment Example These brands tend to fill the market, and consumers become aware of their presence (Higham, 2009). They, therefore, tend to become loyal to familiar brands. This paper will examine the effect marketing trends have on external factors of consumer decision making, and the impact of such trends on a consumer’s buying process. Marketing is happening all around the world. It affects the daily decision-making processes of consumers. Some of the external factors are affected by marketing since it is the marketer’s job to try and influence purchasing decisions among consumers. These factors rely solely on the external environment, and what other people perceive of products and their brands. One such factor that affects decision-making is the culture that surrounds every individual (Higham, 2009). One cannot ignore the fact that where people spend most of their time can largely affect purchasing decisions. Despite the marketing trends, people can choose to remain indifferent to some of the products in the market. This may be due to the perception created by their peers. Reference groups, as one might call them, can influence purchasing decisions made on a daily basis (Higham, 2009). Marketing trends are usually out to loosen the cultural hold these perceptions have on consumers. In doing so, consumers are likely to adopt new and different thoughts about the products sold. After realising the market opportunities, marketers are often keen to tell consumers what they want to hear. They traverse the market and give consumers the attention they need. Some of the buying processes are affected by the presence of internal factors. These include the purchase situations that exist among products, and the attitude towards a product. These are often changed and manipulated to suit the immediate environment by marketers when trying to market their products (Higham, 2009). The steps affected most by the trends include perception. Consumers

Heavy Mechanical Complex (Private) Limited Analysis

Heavy Mechanical Complex (Private) Limited Analysis Heavy Mechanical Complex (Private) Limited is a leading engineering goods manufacturing enterprise in Pakistan located at Taxila about 30 Kilometers north of capital Islamabad. It is a professionally managed progressive organization with over 160,000 sq. meters covered facilities and 1100 employees. HMC have a separate COLONY for their employee which is equipped with all the basic facilities. History   Heavy Mechanical Complex was founded in 1969 with the collaboration of CHINA and it was a huge project which was gifted to the people of Pakistan by the CHINA. It is playing a main role in the Development of the country. VALUE HMC have the resources to handle large projects with demanding delivery schedules. Being the largest and most extensive fabrication and machining facility equipped with state of the art technology HMC provide manufacturing services both on our own or customers design. HMC have gained rich experience in designing and manufacturing of large projects through collaboration with internationally reputed engineering organizations. All its processing facilities are in-house including Designing, Fabrication, Machining, Iron and Steel Castings, Forgings, Heat Treatment, Assembly, Sand Blasting, Painting and Galvanizing etc. HMC is ISO 9001 certified the manufacturing is backed by excellent quality control and testing facilities to meet the product and customer quality requirements. PRODUCTS HMC is offering a products having state of the art technology. Some of the projects offered are as follow: Cement Plants HMC offer its clients technology know-how, gained largely from collaboration with world-renowned manufacturers / designers of Portland Cement Plants from 600  to 4,000 TPD capacity and white cement plant up to 1,000 TPD capacities. Sugar Plants HMCs engineering team is capable to draw up the details for complete plant engineering from plant layout to equipment selection, equipment design, piping schedules, material balance, utility balance, heat balance, loading and strength calculations of supporting structure etc. and capable for designing and engineering of complete sugar plant ranging crushing capacity of cane from 500 TCD to 12,000 TCD and beet sugar plants up to 3000 TCD based on various processes. Chemical Petro-Chemical Plants HMC is manufacturing the following equipment for chemical petrochemical plants: Pressure vessels Heat exchangers Storage tanks (LPG, Crude oil, etc) of various types Drums Towers / strippers Columns etc Power Plants Thermal Power Plants In the energy sector HMC has supplied over 30,000 tons of fabricated equipment and parts to different power plants. Major strength is HMCs capabilities for manufacturing utility boilers pressure parts. For this purpose some of the major machines are: 3 roller bending machines for making drums Booster pipe bending machine for making super heater Reheated and economizer coils Specialized machine for machining and welding of headers and complete train of machines for manufacture of membrane walls in panel and bent form. Overhead Traveling Cranes Overhead traveling cranes being part of regular production programmer of HMC are designed and manufactured according to individual requirements of the client. Various types of cranes being manufactured are: Overhead traveling cranes (electrically operated) with hook, grab or magnet. Gantry and semi gantry cranes JIB cranes either pillar mounted or wall mounted type Under-slung cranes Mono-rail systems straight and curved track. Road Construction Machinery Road Rollers HMC manufactures 10-12 tons static road roller having trade mark registered name Shehzore for more than two half decades as per requirements of international road compaction standards. HMC has manufactured / supplied more than 1200 (one thousand two hundreds) units of static road rollers in the country. HMCs static road roller is tough, versatile, dependable, having low operational cost and high standard of performance. HMC have a strong back up of after sale service and supply of spare parts on regular basis. Railway Equipment Axles HMC is the only railway axle manufacturing concern in Pakistan and has so far supplied over 7500 different type of axles for bogies, wagons locomotives for Pakistan Railways. Screw Jacks Special purpose screw jack for lifting the railway locomotives are custom designed and manufactured as per requirement most of the Pak Railways requirement is catered for by HMC. WORK SHOPS Work Shops which are taking place in the Production process in HMC are as follow: Design Shop Design Shop is established in 1970. About 100 highly qualified and experienced design engineers are engaged in designing. Equipped with latest CAD tools (See Hardware Software). About 132 node local area network is installed in Design Department. Fabrication Shop All the fabrication processing needs are available in HMC which include; thermal and mechanical cutting, beveling, plate bending, hot and cold forming, SMAG,TIG,MIG,SAW Welding, stress relieving/heat treatment furnaces, abrasive blasting, painting and galvanizing. Machining Shop HMC has the ability to machine castings, forgings, fabricated parts, sub assemblies and complete assemblies in accordance with the design requirements. The facility consists of varieties of machine tools capable of performing various machining operations such as turning, planning, milling, boring, drilling, deep hole drilling, gear hobbing, threading, slotting, spiral bevel cutting etc. to the close tolerate specified in the design Steel Foundry Shop In HMC Steel foundry is equipped with 215 toms and 1x 3 tons electric arc furnace (EAF), 1.5 ton induction furnace, sand preparation system, mechanized molding system, molding machines, heat transfer and heating furnaces. Iron Foundry Shop In HMC Iron foundry Shop is equipped with three hot blast 5 ton cupolas and two main frequency induction furnaces of 1.5 ton and 0.75 ton respectively. Iron castings in various shapes and grades including S.G. Iron up to approximately 25 tons a piece and copper or Aluminum castings up to 2000 kg a piece can be produced as per customers requirements. Hydraulic Press Shop Hydraulic Press shop is equipped with a 3150 ton hydraulic forging press, 80 ton overhead forging crane, 10 ton forging manipulator, overhead traveling cranes having maximum lifting capacity of 50 ton. Die Forge Shop Die Forge shop specializes in production of automotive die forged components in weight up to 150 kg a piece and steel balls up to 100 mm diameter. Quality Control Shop Inspection and testing is carried out as per the procedures established for ISO 9001, QA System and ASME Code procedures. The inspection testing activities are well backed up with the following facilities: Non Destructive Examination Material Testing Lab Instrument Calibration Laboratory ORGANIZATION CHART MANAGING DIRECTOR Quality Assurance Sales Marketing Group Finance Accounts Department Product Design G.M Head Operation Project Management Division DGM SM-P G.M (SED-3) Foundry Forge Works DMD (SED-2) Purchase DGM Mechanical Works G.M Design Human Resource Department Production Planning Control Role of key Positions Organization Chart basically tells us about the different positions in the organization and shows that how they interact with each other for the proper working of the organization. Managing Director Managing Director is the CEO of the organization and he deals with all the matters in the organization. He is responsible to manage and control all the activities performed in his organization. Deputy Managing Director In the absence of Managing Director Deputy Managing Director Act as a CEO of the Organization and along with that it is the responsibility of the DMD to give suggestions to the Managing Director in different matters. General Manager General Manager is the third most important position in the Hierarchy of Heavy Mechanical Complex. In the absence of Managing director and Deputy Managing Director, General Manager is the sole Authority and he control all the activities performed in the organization. Other Top positions Along with the three main Top Positions in HMC, DGM Sales Marketing, DGM Purchase, DGM Finance, DGM Accounts also play there role in the decision making process. ORGANIZATION CULTURE Introduction to Culture Culture is a set of basic values, believes, perception and behaviors that people learn from there surroundings. Every Organization has its own culture and employees have to adopt them selves according to the culture of the organization. Organization Culture basically tells us that how employees interact with each other, behavior of employers with their sub ordinates and method of interaction of top management with the middle and low level management in the Hierarchy of the organization is also depend upon the culture of the organization. Organization Culture in Heavy Mechanical Complex In HMC organizational Culture is quit similar to the culture of any Government organization. Top Level management is not answerable to any one but the middle level management is answerable in front of the top management and similarly low level management is dependent on middle level and top level management. On the other hand there is also a Welfare Union which is defending the rights of the workers and there are proper elections held in the organization. Union are playing a Positive role in the working of the organization. Apart from Welfare Union there is also a regulatory authority in HMC which is responsible to handle a conflict between Employees and vice Versa. DEPARTMENTS There are Different Departments in HMC and each department has its own important in the proper working of the organization. Accounts Department All the Accounts of the HMC are maintained in the Accounts Department and DGMA ALAM KHAN is the head of that department. All the transactions, Annual Reports, Income Statement, and Profit Loss AC are maintained in the Accounts Department. Finance Department Finance Department is also a very important department in any organization and in HMC Finance Department is responsible for all the payments which are to be made to the external parties. Finance Department consist of thee sections namely: Bill Section Pay Roll Section Credit Control Section DGMF SALEEM IQBAL is the head of Finance department. Purchase Department Purchase Department is also a key Department in HMC. Its main role is to fulfill the requirement of the Raw Material. When ever there is a shortage of Raw Material in the Shops and material is not available in the Store then Purchase Department place an order to the External Parties in the form of TENDER. The party which provides best Raw Material and fulfills all the requirements is then given the Purchase Order. Copy of this Purchase order is then given to Finance Department and when the delivery is received then the payment is made to that party according to the specified Terms and Conditions as expressed in the Purchase Order. Sales Department The working of the sales Department is opposite to that of purchase department. When ever there is some order placed by some party to HMC, then the Engineers take a look at there capability that they can fulfill the required order in time or not. If they have the capability then Proposal is sent to the party and terms and conditions are decided. This Sale Order is then sent to the Finance Department and when the order is placed to the party the payment is received according to terms and conditions defined in Sales Order. PPC, Quality Assurance Department PPC (Production Planning Control) or Quality Assurance Department is also a very important department. The main Functions of this department is to check the Quality of purchase material and also the quality of the equipment or plant which is going to be selling to external party in accordance with the rules define under ISO9001. HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT We say that there is a Finance dept, Purchase Dept, Sales Dept, A/C Dept etc. Can these Departments performs there functions at there own? Answer is BIG NO. There is some force which is controlling these departments and this force is Human Resource. With out Human Resource no Department can perform its Functions. Human Resource Departments role is to provide skilled and efficient human resource to perform functions in these departments. The main source to run any organization is the Human Resource and with Human Resource no organization can survive. HISTORY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT Human Resource Department is considered as a key Department in any Organization because all the departments have to keep interaction with this very department. But Unfortunately history of Human Resource Department is not very good in our country PAKISTAN, the scope of Human Resource Department is developing in different organizations but it will take at least one or two decades for the awareness of Importance of Human Resource Department. In HMC there was an ADMIN Department which was handling all the functions of the organization but now there is a Human Resource Department in HMC and all the affairs related to Recruitment and Selection is taken by Human Resource Department. Frankly Speaking we can say that they had change the name of there ADMIN Dept into Human Resource Department. Hierarchy of Human Resource Department in HMC Head Human Resource Department Admin Services Personal Litigation Welfare Estate Industrial Relation Industrial Relation Department As we have seen in the Hierarchy of Human Resource Department in HMC Industrial Relation is the Sub department of Human Resource. Industrial Relation Basically deals with the affairs of Labors and Workers. Recruitment, Training, Selection, Development, Job Rotation and all other functions of Human Resource related to Labor are deal in Industrial Relation Department. Industrial Relation follows the IRO 2002 (Industrial Relation Ordinance 2002) and affairs of workers are deal under Industrial and Commercial Employment Ordinance 1968. Personal Department Personal department is the second important department in HMC. Personal department deals with the affairs of Officers and Top Management. It is the responsibility of Personal Department to Prepare ACR of the employees at the end of year. In short all the Human Resource Activities related to Officers are deal under the UMBRELLA of Personal. Litigation and Welfare Department HMC basically follows the Factory Act 1934, and all the matters related to Law are deal under the Litigation. If some external party Sue the organization then it is the responsibility of Litigation section to solve the issue according to Law. All the welfare issues are also deal under this department. Transport, Education of Employees Children and Medical Facilities to Employees are Deal under Welfare Section. Estate Department HMC is having its Colony for its employees and there are more than 80% employees who are living in the Colony. Estate department duty is to deal with all the affairs related to Colony. Main duties of Estate Department are: Allotment of Quarters Maintenance Street Lights Security Supply of Electricity, Gas Water Apart from these duties it is also the duty of estate department to keep check and balance of Inventory and assets of the factory. Admin General Services Department All the Issues which are related to Administration of the HMC are deal under the Admin General Services Section. ROLE OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT Human Resource Department is playing a very important role in the organization. All the organization is linked directly or indirectly with the Human Resource Department. There are Five Different Sub Departments of Human Resource in HMC which shows us about the important of Human Resource Department. FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN RESOURCE Following are the main Functions of Human Resource Department in Heavy Mechanical Complex and now we will discuss these functions in detail. HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING Introduction Human Resource Planning is the first Function of Human Resource Department. Basically Human resource planning is a process of determining an organizations human resource needs. Whenever an organization is in the process of determining its human resource needs, it is engaged in a process we can call human resource planning. Human Resource Planning in HMC Every Organization has to fulfill its needs of Human Resource in order to perform its functions in a smooth way. HMC is also involved in the process of Human Resource Planning. When ever there is need arises of Human Resource in any workshop then the shop In-charge sends a memo to the Industrial Relation Department which deals with the affairs of workers. Industrial Relation first of all tries to search for some Hidden Employment so that they can rotate the Worker to the desired work shop. If there is no hidden employment then they send a memo to the Managing Director for the approval of the further process of Recruiting new employees. When the approval is received by the Managing Director then the further process of giving Ads in the news paper and job analysis starts. Similarly if there is a need to hire some Engineer or Manager the same procedure is followed but the process of managerial level post is entertained in the Personal Department. Suggestion about Human Resource Planning Suggestion for Human Resource Planning in Heavy Mechanical Complex is that process of human Resource planning should not be too long as it happens normally in Government Organizations that candidate has to wait for 6 to 8 months for the Interview call. Process should be short. HUMAN RESOURCE JOB ANALYSIS Introduction The procedure for determining the duties and skill requirements of a job and the kind of person who should be hired for it. Job Analysis is done with the current employees who are performing there duties and the main purpose of job analysis is to determine jobs duties, responsibilities and accountabilities. This process includes the identification of the task performed, Machines and Equipments used in operational activities etc. Use of Job Analysis Information Job Analysis information is used in: Job Description A list of a jobs duties, responsibilities, reporting relationships, working conditions, and supervisory responsibilities-one product of a job analysis. Job Description is basically a part of job analysis in which we describe the nature of job, working conditions, responsibilities duties etc. Job Specification A list of a jobs human requirements, that is, the requisite education, skills, personality, and so on-another product of a job analysis. In Job Specification we look for the human requirement for the specified job. We look for the Education, Knowledge, Qualification and skills required for the job. Apart from Job description and Job Specification Job Analysis information is also help full in determining: Recruitment and Selection Performance Appraisal Job Evaluation Training Job Analysis in Heavy Mechanical Complex In HMC First of all the Human Resource Managers describe the job description and job specification. The company asses the role of position and then determines whether this position is occupied only by a person who is experienced or person without experience can easily and immediately adjust himself in such a position and then company decides what type of qualification person holds who can handle with the problems arise with in that situation. In simple we can say that the company has some expectations regarding the position and company formulate their job description and job specification on the basis of their expectation that the person who shall occupy this position must possess such kind of skills experience and qualification. But these expectations are established after analyzing the posts. Suggestions regarding Job Analysis Company follows the old techniques related to job analysis process. Many problems arise due to the old techniques which are adopted by HMC. So we suggest that they should use new techniques regarding job description and job specification so that they can easily evaluate the current employees on there job. RECRUITMENT INTRODUCTION There is a need of skilled and qualified workers in any organization in order to differentiate themselves from their competitors. So, an effective recruitment process is necessary for every organization. Recruitment refers to the process of creating pool of applicants. Recruiting is the process of discovering potential candidates for actual or anticipated organized vacancies. Basically two types of recruitment process are followed by different organization; Internal Recruitment External Recruitment Internal Recruitment Recruitment that is done within the organization either in form of promotion, job rotation etc. Different Methods of internal recruitment are as follows: Referrals Notice boards College hirings (apprenticeship) Job fairs etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. External Recruitment External Recruitment refers to the recruitment of new employees from out Side the organization. Different methods of external recruitment are as follows: Newspaper Magazine Radio Internet Signboards Television etc à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Recruitment Process in Heavy Mechanical Complex Company has designed the Recruitment Policy as follows: Age of worker should be 18 or more years at the time of recruitment. He should have N.I.C. Physical health should be proper as regarded to the nature of work. Source of Recruitment in Heavy Mechanical Complex Main sources of recruitment in HMC are as: Walk in interviews Direct hiring Notice boards Newspapers Internet College hiring (Apprenticeship) Suggestions Many hires are based on favoritism in HMC. As HMC is government organization so political influence plays a keen role while hiring. We suggest that hirings are based totally on merits to increase the standards of productivity. SELECTION Introduction Organizational performance always depends in part on subordinates having the right skills and attributes. So an effective selection process can enhance the working efficiency of any organization. HR selection is the process of choosing qualified Individuals who are available to fill positions in an Organization. Selection process in Heavy Mechanical Complex HMC has its own selection process. There is a selection committee who scrutinize the applications on the bases of their criteria. A criterion for education is as follows: Education Weitage (%) Metric 20 Intermediate 20 Graduation 50 Interview 10 There is also a provincial quota for every province. Province Quota (%) Punjab 50 Sindh(Urban) 7.6 Sindh(Rural) 11.4 NWFP 11.5 Baluchistan 6 Fata 4 Azad Kashmir 2 There is also 7.5 % quota for merit Testing techniques Different testing technique is used to evaluate the candidates abilities. Written test Interview Medical test Suggestions Regarding Selection Process The criteria for selection is effective but there is need to adopt new method for testing employees to meet internationals levels. We suggest that there should be a G-MAT test, online test for evaluating candidates skills and immediate feedback. ORIENTATION Introduction A procedure for providing new employees with basic background information about the firm. In orientation information about organization culture, information on employee benefits, health and safety measures, regulations, working hours, compensations, discipline, dressing, daily routine works and information about other important issues are provided. Main purpose of orientation is to provide the basic know how about the organization. Orientation in Heavy Mechanical Complex Unfortunately there is no proper method of orientation adopted by HMC they mixed up orientation and training process. TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Training The process of teaching new employees the basic skills they need to perform their jobs. Training refers to the methods used to give new or present employee the skills they need to perform their job satisfactorially.Good training is vital. Why training is needed Training is needed when there is a problem, lack of efficiency or lack of activities. Development Any attempt to improve current or future management performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes, or increasing skills. Main difference b/w training and development by different authors are as: Training is for new employees and term development is used for existing employees The term training is used for labor force and the development refers for managerial employees. Training and Development Techniques in Heavy Mechanical Complex Different Training and development techniques are used by management in HMC. The criteria for training and development for labor force and management are different. On the Job training techniques is also used. Industrial relation Department Workers and labor training are deal by industrial relation department. Time period for labor force training vary from 4 to 6 weeks. They have there own training centers where training is provided to workers. Personnel department Managerial level training is deal by personnel department. Training for managerial levels varies from 6 month to 1 year time duration. Development Development of employees basically depends upon annual confidential report (ACR) which prepared at the end of each year. And promotions are based on there reports. Suggestions regarding Training and Development There are many deficiencies on different technique ground and employees dont take interest on training .proper check and balance is required to ensure that employee take interest in training. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Introduction Performance management system involves numerous activities, for more than simply reviewing what an employee has done. This system must fulfill several purposes. Moreover they are often constrained by difficulties in how they operate. The HR management has set clear-cut standards of performance for every job. The performance appraisal designed by the HR management involves getting information about how well each employee is performing his/her job in order to reward those who are effective, improve the performance of those who are ineffective, or provide a written justification for why the poor performer should be disciplined. The process employers use to make sure employees are working toward organizational goals. Performance Management Practices in Heavy Mechanical Complex Standards are there to evaluate the performance of employees these standard are set by the committee who is responsible for giving promotions and other incentives to there employees. Industrial relation department is responsible for evaluating the performance of labor force. Personnel department is responsible managerial performance. In HMC shop manager is responsible to point the efficient employees. Suggestions Regarding Performance Management As HMC is working under government. So there is a lot of nepotism and favoritism .as labor promotion is base don ACR submitted by the shop supervisor, so there is a lot of favoritism involved. We suggest that there should be proper check and balance by management. And deserving employees should get appraisal according to the regulations. COMENSATION AND BENEFITS Introduction Compensation means to give any financial support to employees in reward against there services. Indirect financial and non financial payments employees receive for continuing their employment with the company. Laws Different laws are followed by HMC for compensating there employees. Some of these are as under Workmen compensation act 1923 Payment of wages act 1936 Minimum wage ordinance 1961 Old age benefit act 1976 Need of Compensations and Benefits Compensation and benefits are given to employees to enhance there performance. Different types of incentives given to employees to improve their performance. Benefits are given to raise the performance of employees. Benefits given to employees in Heavy Mechanical Complex HMC is providing many benefits to there employees. List of benefits are as under Bonuses Housing facility Transportation Schooling Electricity, Gas and Water Hajj facility HEALTH AND SAFETY Health and Safety Practices in Heavy Mechanical Complex HMC is providing health and safety facilities to there employees. There is a hospital in HMC.HMC used to give proper health treatment to their employees and all the expenses on that medical aid are bear by HMC. Dispensary is available on plant where first aid is given in case of emergency. Laws regarding Health and Safety Different laws are following by HMC relating Health and Safety. Some of them are as follow: Industrial Relation Ordinance 2002 (IRO 2002) Factories Ordinance Act 1934 HMC is providing health and safety according to ISO 9001. CONCLUSION After all the Discussion, at the end we may conclude that HMC is an asset of Pakistan. It is a vast project of mechanical engineering and there is a need of proper attention by the Government beca

Polar Bears :: essays research papers fc

Polar Bear is the name for a white bear found on the icy sea of the Arctic throughout the North Polar basin. Being the only bear considered being marine, it is longer than other bears and streamlined for aquatic life. It has the â€Å"plantigrade† feet (heel and sole touching the ground) which are typical in all bears, with five sharp, claws on each foot for grasping at the ice and holding its prey. Long hair between the pads protects the bear's feet from the cold and provides traction on the ice so he doesn’t slip. Hard hairs on the forelegs, and very wide front feet, help the bear swim. All polar bears are white, although their fur may yellow in the summer because of the fat from animals it kills. The largest wild bears ever weighed—were more than 800 kg (which is more than 1800 lb)—have been polar bears. However, most male polar bears weigh an average of about 350 kg (about 880 lb), and most females weigh about 250 kg (550 lb). Polar bears have a strong navigational sense, an extremely good sense of smell, and they are extremely good at solving problems in order to obtain food. They eat primarily ringed seals, and sometimes they also enjoy bearded seals, walruses, or even white whales. They also feed on berries, sedges, mussels, and kelp when they have no other food sources left. As with other â€Å"true† bears, polar-bear mothers and young create strong bonds. The young cubs are very small when they are born: about 1 kg (about 2.2 lb). Their eyes remain closed for about 40 days and they must be fed every few hours. The mother keeps them close to make sure that they stay warm. Except during the breeding season, male polar bears are solitary and walk over vast amounts of sea ice while hunting. During the breeding season (which is from May to June), the males fight nonstop over females. Both the male and female may mate with other individuals as well.

The Effect of Smartphones on Work-Life Balance

13 has also created employment as developers seek to capitalist on the market available for development of APS and other content for semaphore devices. As Postman (1995) discusses In a 1995 Interview that all new technology is like a†Faustian bargain in that it gives us something important but we also legitimating important in the process†. This would appear to be true of Thessalonians. The benefits of the semaphore have been discussed throughout this paper as have the negatives.They provide users with the ability to stay onto of work outside of the office and employers In theory benefit from Uncharacteristically, often at little expense to themselves as users are choosing toothbrush the phones themselves. The principle losses would be in terms of loss personal time and the erosion of boundaries between work and personal time_l feel that it is really a personal choice that all owners of this technology need tomato in relation to usage patterns of the devices for work rela ted activities. Some users are happy to be connected all the time and see no issue with it.However, others cite that it results in increased stress, while others articulateness who have been using the devices longer state that they have consciousnesses boundaries in relation to their semaphore use. Much of the academic literature in this area has focused on managerial levelness of smartness. I feel that studies should possibly be conducted Into teahouse patterns of non-executive level personnel also in order to help stratospherically HER

Enzyme Reaction Rates Under Different Conditions

Enzyme Reaction Rates Under Different Conditions Introduction In this lab you will observe how the rate of a reaction is changed as certain factors are changed. You will observe how changing factors like temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and enzyme concentration changes the rate of an enzymatic reaction. In this experiment you will act as an enzyme by breaking toothpicks witch act as substrates. After observing the results of this experiment you will be able to determine what causes the fastest enzymatic reaction. Methods and MaterialsThe materials needed for this lab are 240 toothpicks and a timing mechanism. To start you should divide your toothpicks into six piles of forty toothpicks. Then you should break as many toothpicks as you can in different time intervals. You should note the amount of toothpicks broken at: 0,10,30,60,120, and 180 seconds. Then you should repeat this process with other factors added in. (In the lab make up we just did a control table) Results For o ur results we took class averages of the various experiments. The class averages are shown in the graph.Graph 1. Class Average Breakdown Discussion/ Conclusion After performing our tests we came to the following conclusions. Increase in enzyme concentration speeds up the enzymatic rate. The reason for this is when you increase the amount of enzymes (enzyme concentration) then you have more enzymes breaking substrates. Since there are more enzymes more substrates will be broken down than if you have less enzymes. Decrease of temperature leads to decrease of enzymatic rate. This is because when you decrease temperature, you decrease energy.Since energy is decreased the speed of the enzymatic rate goes down. Decrease in substrate concentration leads to decrease in enzymatic rate. When the number of substrates goes down the enzymatic rate goes down because since there is less substrate to break down. The farther the pH is from 7 the slower the enzymatic rate is. This is because ionic bo nds (how substrate and enzyme bonds) work better when pH is 7. Through the test preformed I have learned what factors contribute to the enzymatic rate and how they contribute to the enzymatic rate.

Robert Boyle essays

Robert Boyle essays Robert Boyle was born in Ireland in the county of Waterford in the city of Lismore on the 25th of January 1627. His father Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork, had left England in 1588. Roberts mother, Catherine Fenton Boyle, was Richards second wife. Robert was the seventh son. His parents had a total of fifteen children. At the age of twelve Roberts father sent him on a tour of Europe eventually leading him to Geneva. There he began to study, with a private tutor, mathematics and ... he grew very well acquainted with the most useful part of arithmetic, geometry, with its subordinates, the doctrine of the sphere, that of the globe, and fortification. There had been a civil war going on in England at the time. When the war had finished Cromwell granted Irish lands to the English colonists. As a result of this, Richard became a very rich man. He then no longer had a need for a source of income and was able to devote both himself and his time to science. He contributed to physics and chemistry. His biggest contribution being Boyles Law, which relates volume and pressure in a gas. The law describes an ideal gas. This law can be found in the appendix written to Boyles work New Experiments Physio Mechanical, Touching the Springs of the Air and its Effects. Using a vacuum he discovered that sound did not travel in a vacuum, he proved that fire required air to burn, and he tested airs elastic properties. Robert published his findings through the Royal Society, of which he was a founding fellow. He aimed towards establishing chemistry as a mathematical science. He argued a mechanistic theory of matter. Its complex look is actually just simple mathematical laws applied to simple fundamental particles. In 1670, Boyle had a stroke. He slowly regained his health and continued to conduct research and experiment. In 1680 he declined the title of Pre ...

Presentation of teen culture as portrayed in the film A Rebel without a Cause

Presentation of teen culture as portrayed in the film A Rebel without a Cause â€Å"A rebel without a cause† is a film whose theme is based on the American youth who are misunderstood, restless and belong to the middle-class society. The film is based on a book written earlier by Dr Robert Lindners 1944, a factual book titled; â€Å"Rebel without a Cause,† which tells the story of a criminal psychopath in the years after the second world war. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Presentation of teen culture as portrayed in the film â€Å"A Rebel without a Cause† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The film is about youth defiance in mid 1950’s from the perspective of the main adolescent male character who is a worried young adult with unreliable parents in a new surrounding. The story symbolizes the rebellious and idealistic protagonist search for a cause, which is honesty and decency in a hypoctrical world. Due to its theme no one would have been better fit for the main a ctor’s position like James Dean did shortly before his death which occurred a month before the feature opened at the Astor Theatre (Lindners, p.89). The film is divided into five main acts: conflict between parents and children leading to lack of a father factor, interaction between teenagers, and climatic challenge of the dare devil, peaceful and loving denouement and lastly the final tragedy of the three young people. The three main characters Jim, Judy and Plato represent the teenagers of the 1950’s .The film brings out their teen culture which is not so different with the current modern culture. Jim, the main character, is presented as a rebellious character who is a loner and a troublemaker seen as a drunkard when the film starts. He appears dressed like an adult in dark suit and a tie. He is also seen holding a monkey hence, bringing out his own essential innocence, sensitivity, and immaturity. He is arrested for drunkenness and ends up in jail where he meets new friends. He is disappointed by his parents who are ever arguing and are blamed for his alienation. One of the teenagers he meets is Judy, a desperate girl in need of loving, she has problems with her father who she is convinced that he does not love her. She is all dressed up for him with red lipstick but her father disapproves her maturity and smears off the lipsticks from her lips. Judy is like many teenagers living in the current teen culture, who are caught in family love drama. The issue has been portrayed in a current film â€Å"never been kissed†. In a dialogue of Judy and the policeman when she is informed that her father is picking her: Judy: He must hate me.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ray: What? Judy: he hates me. Ray; what makes you think he hates you? There is also sexual malaise at Judy’s home because his father is sexually interested in her but to avoid this he treats her coldly. Judy gives him a peck on the cheek but he retorts â€Å"What’s the matter with you? You are getting too old for that kind of stuff Girls your age dont do things like that. Judy responds: Girls do not love their father? Since when? Since I got to be 16? (Lindners, p. 54). Plato is the other teen character who is brought to the police station by a powerless nanny for shooting puppies. He is hurt and thinks no one can help him since his parents are always away from home and more so, it was his birthday and his parents were not present. The three attend the same school, Dawson’s high school, and on the first day Jim tries to create friendship with the next door neighbor, Judy but she ignores him. Their conversation has words of juvenile attitudes, peer pressure, attraction and repulsion. Jim: Hi. Hi. Wait a minute. (He runs down to her) Hi. I had seen you before. Judy: Well, stop the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Presentation of teen culture as portrayed in the film â€Å"A Rebel without a Cause† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At school, Judy is a member of a gang that intimidates other students. Jim falls prey of them, they flatten his tyre so as to irritate him and get him to fight, but he walks away. They decide to call him a chicken and he gets irritated too much that he wanted to fight them but they told him that was an invitation to contest at the chicken dare. He decides to engage in the chicken game but first, he consults his father who tells him not to fight but Jim asks him; â€Å"What can you do when you have to be a man? He engages in the contest and wins but the group’s leader, Buzz, dies in the game (Lindners, p. 80). Plato looks at Jim as a potential hero figure and they later become friends in class but Plato is actually sexually interested in Jim, who is seen to understand the melancholy of ad olescence. Plato touches Jim on the shoulder suggestively after the chicken competition. Jim offers to give him a ride home, but in the car Plato asks Jim Hey, you want to come home with me? I mean, theres nobody home at my house, and heck, Im not tired. Are you? (Lindners, p.48). Jim is attracted to Judy, while Plato tries to discourage him because he feels Judy will threaten their relationship. The gang is annoyed with Jim because they think he rattled them to the police not because of Buzz’s death, but for stealing the cars. The three decide to hide from the gang in an abandoned house and started playing games. While the other teenagers are idling in a mansion, Plato is deserted and emotionally unbalanced, feeling betrayed by his parent. â€Å"He took a gun from his mother’s room and starts firing. He hides in the planetarium, and Jim enters to get him and tries to talk to him but he gets scared and runs away. The police see him with the gun and shoot him.† Jim is agonized by the meaningless murder and his failure to prevent it; he goes on knees and crawling close to his pal’s body crying loudly.† He finally becomes more adult like due to this experience. He accepts his both parents and his father promises to assume responsibility and face things like a man. In conclusion the film uses the three characters to portray teenagers’ behavior and lifestyle then, although not much has changed in today’s society since teenagers almost behave the same irrespective of the era since they are still faced by the same issues of relationships, family and school.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lindners, Robert. Rebel Without a Cause: The Hypnoanalysis of a Criminal Psychopath. New York, NY: Other press LLC., 2003. Print

A Critique Interpretation of the Behind the Beautiful Forevers

A Critique Interpretation of the Behind the Beautiful Forevers The Accident of Birth One’s birthplace can disproportionately influence one’s quality of life. Where per capita income is low and public education not as ubiquitous as in most of the first world, people often experience oppressive limits in terms of their economic opportunities. In India, the cultural remnants of their caste system as well as a general lack of social equality present nearly insurmountable barriers to those who are impoverished. Many Indian families, such as those seen in Behind the Beautiful Forevers, often spend generations with little to no improvement in their quality of life. The people that populate slums like Annawadi are usually victims of the accident of birth, meaning that they were born into poverty. However, although one’s birth determines their economic opportunity, it is worth noting that the accident of birth can have an aggregate effect when already resource-strained societies continue to increase population. In Behind the Beautiful Forevers, it is shown that everyone in Annawadi is aware of the three main ways to get out of poverty (Boo 62). One can find an entrepreneurial niche and thus generate income for oneself, thus elevating one’s standard of living (62). One can also try to fight back against the corrupt system that tries to keep the masses impoverished for their own benefit (62). However, many people look to education as a means of elevating themselves from poverty (62). Each of these methods presents its own advantages and disadvantages, and each method is often very difficult for various reasons. Finding an entrepreneurial niche is often cited as a method for getting out of poverty. For example, the Husains were able to use the skills that their family had accumulated over generations to have better-than-average success as scavengers for recyclable materials (62). However, without any kind of financial education, and without access to capital, it is often insurmountably difficult to realize any kind of entrepreneurial activity, in particular when the ultimate goal is to operate a business in these low-income regions. Additionally, because of the lack of financial expertise, many of these people may end up running nearly identical businesses and competing with each other often to a destructive degree. This is exemplified by the extraordinary number of scavengers living in Annawadi and other slums constantly fighting over dumpsters like street gangs. This is also a function of population, which brings up the aforementioned issue of high birth rates. Working with a corrupt system can often provide a framework for an eventual legitimate ascent into the middle or upper class. For an example, we can look at Asha, who is the unofficial slumlord of Annawadi (17). One of her main sources of income is securing loans for residents of Annawadi, supposedly to jump-start businesses (24). However, she takes money from the loans as commission (25). In this scenario, the theft might not be considered corruption if the circumstances were normal. However, the loans are meant for small businesses and given out based on how many jobs the new business will create (24). Because Asha’s only stake in the loan is the commission, she does not care whether the business will create jobs, or even if there is a business. This myopic self-interest is bad for the economy of Mumbai because the borrowed government funds may not be repaid, and thus government money will have been wasted. Asha is not only a de facto broker of government loans. She also provides residents with access to education or jobs, usually for a fee as well (21). With the money she had aggregated from these corrupt activities, Asha was able to send her daughter, Manju, to a reputable school so that she could be educated and lead a productive life. Through this investment in human capital, Asha will hopefully elevate her entire family’s standard of living. In keeping with the theme of birth rates, it is worth noting that Manju is an only child. Education and vocational training are perhaps the most common way for one to elevate one’s standard of living. In general, the people that are impoverished are low-skilled or semi-skilled laborers. The fact that they are not necessarily trained in anything unique or sophisticated is what prevents them from finding gainful employment. This diminished opportunity for employment is derived from having a lesser skillset than someone who is more educated. Since they are unable to seek gainful employment, they are often unable to send their children to the same schools that they themselves were unable to afford, and the cycle continues. One of the main problems in Annawadi is that there is very little public access to education. Additionally, the public schools that are available are generally of poor quality. For example, of the public schools that are available, only about 40% of the educators even have a college education themselves (63). Furthermore, the schools generally have access to minimal public funding. This can be attributed to the fact that these schools are often the result of corrupt attempts to maintain an image rather than any truly altruistic attempt to educate the people (63). In this society, the overarching corruption has subsumed the mission of education and investment in human capital. Adding to the issue, a society with a quickly increasing population will make it more difficult to benefit from the pedagogical institutions because of increased pressure on resources. Large class sizes are proven to reduce the overall quality of education, but this is particularly true in environments where resources are already strained. For instance, it is highly improbable that there are any textbooks or workbooks available to students in the public schools of Annawadi. Therefore, although there are schools available, they do not necessarily provide the benefits one might imagine. This indicates that increasing access to education is likely not the sole solution to poverty. In places like India that have a historical caste system with social effects that persist, often none of these aforementioned methods will improve one’s employment prospects. Their low caste may decrease access to education and employment to begin with. Additionally, attempts to include historically low-caste people into jobs and governments are often circumvented by corruption. For example, a man named Subhash Sawant, running for the role of Corporator, was not a member of a historically low-caste lineage (51). However, he was able to manufacture the paperwork that said so and he was able to enter and win the election (51). This instance of fraud entitled him to a position meant for historically oppressed Indians. High levels of corruption will prevent even the noblest attempts to include oppressed peoples in the governance and economic activity of a society from achieving any significant result. Those that are in positions of power, without just governance, will simply continue to manipulate the system to keep their power. This means that attempts by the government to create opportunities for the existing population without changing the overall system of government cannot be the sole solution to poverty. Because there is very little ability to educate one’s children and thereby improve the economic value of said child, it is very common for families to have multiple children, voluntarily or otherwise. This is because these children will each earn income in any way that they can. And, since the families have no substantial income, they end up spending little if anything on their children. Ergo, the marginal benefit of an additional child usually outweighs the marginal cost. Furthermore, high mortality rates make it difficult to know exactly how many children one will have even one year in the future, so families make it a practice to have many, which can be thought of as a sort of income insurance. A consequence of high reproduction is perpetually increased competition for resources. Things like water and food become increasingly difficult to access over time if the population continues to grow with no economic improvement. For example, in all of Annawadi there were six faucets that would run water for a total of only three hours per day (53). As competition for resources increases, so do malnourishment and dehydration. These conditions can lead to increased health problems, and often can lead to obvious deficiencies like stunting the growth of a child or teenager (35). People often turn to alternative means to satisfy hunger when food is not available, like smoking the remains of a cigarette, or other cheap ways to achieve a drug high that eases the pain of hunger (35, 43). Since so much time is spent in the pursuit of these resources, it is no wonder that they are unable to focus on things like education or entrepreneurship. The accident of birth is often thought of as the idea that one is born into poverty. However, the implications of many accidents of birth can be appreciated as an aggregate phenomenon as well. Often, people born in impoverished areas are in poverty because everyone else around them was born into poverty. High birth rates are common in underdeveloped regions of the world, often because the act of human reproduction is quite desirable, even under circumstances where the addition of children to a family is unfavorable, as in Abdul’s family in the book (2). This is largely because these families are not capable of investing in human capital through education or vocational training. Ergo, having a child adds to the income potential of a family. Once these new people are born, they have individual needs to which society must attend. Also, these new children often end up in socially destructive behavior cycles identical to those of their parents and relatives. This will increase stress on society’s resources. Ergo, the accident of birth must not only be thought of as an individual’s circumstances of poverty, but also as an aggregate phenomenon of exponential population increase in already adverse circumstances, exacerbating the existing social and economic problems. In conclusion, the place in which one is born can disproportionately influence one’s quality of life and economic opportunity. However, this is not solely a phenomenon related to the chances of an individual. The accident of birth is a situation in which high birth rates in underdeveloped areas of the world decrease opportunity for all by continuously putting stress on what little resources are available. This stress perpetually pushes the impoverished further below the poverty line. This issue will continue to be a problem for as long as people do not have access to reasonably priced methods of contraception in the developing world.

How to use social media to raise awareness and reduce the rate of car Research Proposal

How to use social media to raise awareness and reduce the rate of car accidents - Research Proposal Example In addition, new hypotheses may be generated using numerical data collected during a research. However, it is the qualitative analysis of data rather than numerical computation that actually gives meaning to any given research. This research proposal attempts to study research methodologies (qualitative and quantitative), their characteristics, importance, suitability of application and circumstances under which one method is more suitable than the other. Further, it investigates the importance of using mixed methods of research. It is divided into three sections. The first section tackles into detail qualitative research, quantitative research and mixed research methods. The second section studies into detail the process of undertaking a quantitative research study, taking into detail the steps involved. The third section attempts to apply the processes and concepts of quantitative research methods to conduct a research on How to use social media to raise awareness and reduce the rate of car accidents. This type of research is n normally used when a researcher aims at gaining a deeper understanding of a specific event rather than a superficial understanding/ knowledge of a large sample in a population. The main goal of qualitative research is to provide a concise outlook into the order, structure and the exact relationships between the research parameters. Rather than introduce manipulative variables that impose the researcher’s operational definitions on the research parameters, it allows the true meaning of the research emerge on its own from the research. This means it is more flexible and adaptable to most situations since data collection tools, methods and concepts are easily adjusted to meet the needs of the research at any stage. In order to bring the best results out of every research situation, qualitative

To what extent can and should the regulatory purpose underlying a Essay

To what extent can and should the regulatory purpose underlying a challenged national measure be considered when analysing whether GATT Article III has been bre - Essay Example The most recent, the Uruguay Round, addressed issues such as tariffs, services, and the trade related aspects of intellectual property and investment measures. The Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations was signed in April 1994. The Uruguay Round agreement was approved and implemented by the U.S. Congress in December 1994, and went into effect on January 1, 1995. The implementing legislation, known as the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, was passed in December, 1994. In any federal regime dedicated to maintaining open markets - whether it is the GATT/WTO regime to liberalize trade between WTO member states, or the European Community (EC) regime to create free trade between EC member states, or the United States regime to maintain an open market among its fifty U.S. states - experience teaches that domestic regulations enacted by member states sometimes have a negative impact on trade. In some cases the negative trade effects are unintended, but on other occasions it has been clear that member states are using domestic regulations to give local producers a competitive advantage. The WTO inherited a basic structure of policing rules from the 1947 GATT agreement. The core GATT provisions for this purpose are the two-step set of rules in Articles III and XX. Article III governs "internal" taxes and regulations - those taxes and regulations that apply to imports after the imports have cleared customs and entered domestic commerce. The general rule of Article III is that internal taxes and regulations must treat imports no less favourably than like domestic products - an anti-discrimination rule known in GATT parlance as the "national treatment" principle. If a domestic regulatory measure is found to discriminate against imports in violation of Article III, the regulating government can seek to justify that discrimination by proving that it is necessary to the achievement of some legitimate regulatory purpose. GATT Article III - National Treatment on Internal Taxation and Regulation Article III of the GATT is about the National Treatment on Internal Taxation and Regulation. The detailed description about the Article III is as follows: 1. The contracting parties recognize that internal taxes and other internal charges, and laws, regulations and requirements affecting the internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use of products, and internal quantitative regulations requiring the mixture, processing or use of products in specified amounts or proportions, should not be applied to imported or domestic products so as to afford protection to domestic production2. 2. The products of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall not be subject, directly or indirectly, to internal taxes or other internal charges of any kind in excess of those applied, directly or indirectly, to like domestic products. Moreover, no contracting party shall otherwise apply internal taxes or other internal charges to imported or domestic products in a manner contrary to the principles set forth in paragraph 1.* 3. With respect to any existing internal tax which is inconsistent with the provisions of paragraph 2, but which is specifically authorized under

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 36

Case study - Essay Example To the majority, what was just a concept and dream never come true had been turned into reality. In order to secure the future of the product in America, the marketing team had to address several issues with a high level of precision. Target population was one of the main issues to be addressed. Consideration of the target population, in this case, is the young population. It was based on the specs of the vehicle as the New Beetle is economical, stylish, and affordable (Rossman, 2011). The other key issue was to increase the sales volume of the brand. The first step towards improvement of the sales lackluster performance was to hire a new advertising agent. The new advertising agent would help in making the German piece of engineering attractive again (Kiley, 2002). Several challenges were faced in an attempt to improve the number of cars on the streets of America. Dealing with the competitors was one of the challenges. Test and preference vary a great deal in America. Attaining the required target demands specialty or rather focusing on a specific market niche. The other challenge was to keep up with the Americas ever-changing taste. The young population of America needs constant change and improvement of the vehicle with time. They easily get bored of a particular product after using it for some time. In conclusion, the marketing team in conjunction with the German engineers has been doing a good job regarding manufacturing and maintaining sales of the brand. Customer satisfaction for a long period comes at a price, and the Volkswagen team has been doing it. Introduction of other models that meets the customers requirements has also helped in maintaining the

CREATE ONE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

CREATE ONE - Essay Example as demonstrated by the British Prime Minister, David Cameron, of refusing to participate in the Ukraine crisis talks, suggests that the once internationally relevant nation in history; is slowly losing its focus. In stating this, I do not wish to suggest that Britain draws its relevance or respect from its entire participation in any international crisis. Instead, I wish to point out that the nation is missing when it is increasingly required to feature, and for that, it is losing its international influence. Your article has rightly and accurately observed that Britain’s alliance is no longer central to any nation (Erlanger, n.p.). Britain did not join France and Germany when they went to hold a peace talk between the Presidents of Russia and Ukraine, as a way of resolving the Ukraine crises. However, if my memory serves me right, Britain was engaged in both the Syrian and the Libyan crises, and not just engaged, but embroiled in them. Right now, it is two of her European counterparts that are involved in a security crisis that does not only threaten the two nations, but also the entire European Union’s stability. What does Britain do in this case? She avoids the peace meeting that would resolve the crisis without creating much instability in the region. This would easily cause anyone to think that Britain is surely misplacing its priorities or does not have any at all. That however is not the greatest of my concern. The non-uniform response to crisis that has been shown by Britain is what worries me even more. Why should Britain decide to engage in the Syrian and the Libyan Crisis, but snub the Ukraine crisis peace talk? Your article has observed that Britain’s future in the European Union is unclear (Erlanger, n.p.). But even though, shouldn’t Britain be more concerned about a crisis that is looming within the European region, than it should be concerned with the crisis in the Middle East or Africa? Again, in arguing so, I do not wish to suggest that

TV Show Presentation Speech or Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TV Show - Speech or Presentation Example It is time for the History Channel to produce its first original hour long dramatic TV series. The success of Roots back in the 1970s and the Tudors on Showtime today proves that there is an audience for a well-produced drama that engages with exciting history. It is our intention to produce for you a show that focuses like a laser on historical accuracy while also providing your audience with entertainment unlike they can find anywhere else. Some might call this show a soap opera, but do you know how Webster's defines a soap opera It is a serial drama chiefly characterized by tangled interpersonal situations. In other words, you could describe Desperate Housewives as a soap opera as well as William Shakespeare's Hamlet as a soap opera. The difference, of course, lies in the construction and the presentation. Was Buffy the Vampire Slayer not simply a soap opera with vampires And yet, today you can find college courses devoted to themes and philosophy of that show, as well as highly s killed academic papers. Call it a soap opera, or a historical drama, our show is guaranteed to draw viewers in with sex, violence, romance, backstabbing, politics, religions and some of the most infamous historical figures of all time. The title of our show tells it all: The Borgias.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 36

Case study - Essay Example To the majority, what was just a concept and dream never come true had been turned into reality. In order to secure the future of the product in America, the marketing team had to address several issues with a high level of precision. Target population was one of the main issues to be addressed. Consideration of the target population, in this case, is the young population. It was based on the specs of the vehicle as the New Beetle is economical, stylish, and affordable (Rossman, 2011). The other key issue was to increase the sales volume of the brand. The first step towards improvement of the sales lackluster performance was to hire a new advertising agent. The new advertising agent would help in making the German piece of engineering attractive again (Kiley, 2002). Several challenges were faced in an attempt to improve the number of cars on the streets of America. Dealing with the competitors was one of the challenges. Test and preference vary a great deal in America. Attaining the required target demands specialty or rather focusing on a specific market niche. The other challenge was to keep up with the Americas ever-changing taste. The young population of America needs constant change and improvement of the vehicle with time. They easily get bored of a particular product after using it for some time. In conclusion, the marketing team in conjunction with the German engineers has been doing a good job regarding manufacturing and maintaining sales of the brand. Customer satisfaction for a long period comes at a price, and the Volkswagen team has been doing it. Introduction of other models that meets the customers requirements has also helped in maintaining the

TV Show Presentation Speech or Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TV Show - Speech or Presentation Example It is time for the History Channel to produce its first original hour long dramatic TV series. The success of Roots back in the 1970s and the Tudors on Showtime today proves that there is an audience for a well-produced drama that engages with exciting history. It is our intention to produce for you a show that focuses like a laser on historical accuracy while also providing your audience with entertainment unlike they can find anywhere else. Some might call this show a soap opera, but do you know how Webster's defines a soap opera It is a serial drama chiefly characterized by tangled interpersonal situations. In other words, you could describe Desperate Housewives as a soap opera as well as William Shakespeare's Hamlet as a soap opera. The difference, of course, lies in the construction and the presentation. Was Buffy the Vampire Slayer not simply a soap opera with vampires And yet, today you can find college courses devoted to themes and philosophy of that show, as well as highly s killed academic papers. Call it a soap opera, or a historical drama, our show is guaranteed to draw viewers in with sex, violence, romance, backstabbing, politics, religions and some of the most infamous historical figures of all time. The title of our show tells it all: The Borgias.

Relationships with external care providers Essay Example for Free

Relationships with external care providers Essay Cultivating and nurturing relationships with outside care providers and researchers who are involved in a church’s social programs is easy to forget; it can fall by the wayside as a busy pastor tries to juggle many balls, and it is easy to delegate these programs to willing volunteers or outside help. However, study after study has emphasized the importance of pastoral involvement in social programs as a factor for their success. The congregation trusts the pastor implicitly: they trust his judgment and will follow his lead. A pastor who remains interested and enthusiastic about social programs, with as much active involvement as his time allows, will produce a congregation which is interested in and enthusiastic about its church’s social programs, willing to support them and utilize them if they are in need. The pastor can also help ensure success of a social program administered by outsiders by helping the outsiders to understand the cultural norms, traditions and history of the church. This is particularly important in a church where there are significant mental health programs in place; maintaining ties to the formal care system , and gaining the knowledge required to pre-screen congregants and help provide referrals to formal care services when required. CONCLUSION The Black church has developed a unique tradition of holistic care for its congregants. In an atmosphere of slavery, oppression, inequality and uneven or nonexistent access to formal services, the extended family and the care services provided by the church has been invaluable in preserving the physical and mental health of African-Americans. Today, this tradition continues with formalized social programs as well as informal care networks; areas such as community health care, mental health, youth services, and economic and literacy initiatives as well as traditional pastoral care continue to provide an essential resource to congregants who are still underserved and suffer disproportionately from social ills. In order to ensure that the congregants of his church have the best chance at health and secular success as well as spiritual well-being, the pastor of the Black church must determine the best social programs to emphasize, and facilitate the implementation of these programs to the best of his ability. REFERENCES Adkinson-Bradley, Carla, Johnson, Darrell, Sanders, JoAnn, Duncan, Lonnie, Holcomb- McCoy, Cheryl. â€Å"Forging a Collaborative Relationship Between the Black Church and the Counseling Profession. † Counseling and Values 49 (January 2005):147-154. Blank, Michael, Mahmood, Marcus, Fox, Jeanne, Guterbock, Thomas. â€Å"Alternative Mental Health Services: The Role of the Black Church in the South. † American Journal of Public Health. 92. 10 (October 2002): 1668-1672. Borg, Walter R. Educational Research. New York: David McKay Co. , 1963 Drake, St. Clair and Cayton, Horace. Black Metropolis: A Study of the Negro life in a Northern City. New York: Hartcourt, Brace World, 1970 Ferguson, Everett. â€Å"Factors leading to the selection and closure of the New Testament Canon Debate. †. in The Canon Debate. Eds. L. M. McDonald J. A. Sanders. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002. Ferman, Gerald S. , and Jack Levin. Social Science Research a Handbook for Students. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1975. Isaac, Stephen. , and William B. Michael. Handbook in Research Evaluation. 2d Ed. San Diego, CA: Robert R. Knapp, 1988 Lewin, Kurt, â€Å"Action Research in Minority Problems,† Journal of Social Issues. 2, no. 4. 1948. Markens, Susan, Fox, Sarah A. , Taub, Bonnie, Gilbert, Mary Lou. â€Å"Role of Black Churches in Health Promotion Programs: Lessons from the Los Angeles Mammography Promotion in Churches Program. † May, 2002. 92(5):805-810. Miller, Kelly. Radicals and Conservatives and other essays on the Negro in AmericaNew York:Schocken Books, 1968.

Antacids Structure and Uses

Antacids Structure and Uses Antacids are medications that increase the pH balance in your stomach. A number of symptoms, including heartburn, gastritis, and gastro -esophageal reflux disease (GERD), can be treated with them. In most cases, antacids start working within a few minutes. It is important to note that they may not always be necessary, and they can have serious consequences if used improperly. The most common of these bases are hydroxides, carbonates, or bicarbonates. The following table contains a list of the active ingredients found in several common commercial antacids, and the reactions by which these antacids neutralize the HCl in stomach acid. Compound Chemical Formula Chemical Reaction Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 Al(OH)3(s) + 3 HCl(aq) > AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l) Calcium carbonate CaCO3 CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) > CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 MgCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) > MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) > MgCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l) Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) > NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) What Are Antacids? How Do They Work? Types of Antacids Is Simethicone an Antacid? What Are Antacids Used For? When to Consult Your Doctor About Antacids Final Thoughts on Antacids Working of antacids The opposite of an acid is a base, and thats exactly what an antacid is. Antacids make you feel better by increasing the pH balance in your stomach. The pH system is a scale for measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a given environment (in this case, your stomach). The scale goes from  0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. Below 7 is acid. Above 7 is alkaline Normally, the acid level in your stomach is about 2 or 3. Trouble may start when your pH drops below those numbers. To make you feel better, an antacid need not bring the pH level all the way up to 7 (neutral), which would be a highly unnatural state for your stomach. In order to work, all the antacid has to do is get you to 3 or 4. It does this by neutralizing some of the excess acid.   Due to several complex factors, a base cant neutralize your acid all by itself. A base needs some chemical helpers, or ingredients, to accompany it as it neutralizes the acid in your stomach. All antacids contain at least one of these four primary ingredients: Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminum. Antacids are medications that increase the pH balance in your stomach. A number of symptoms, including heartburn, gastritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can be treated with them. In most cases, antacids start working within a few minutes. It is important to note that they may not always be necessary, and they can have serious consequences if used improperly. What Are Antacids? Antacids are medicines that work by increasing the pH balance in your stomach. Americans currently spend close to $1 billion per year on antacids. This is because antacids can quickly relieve the symptoms associated with occasional heartburn and indigestion. Though they cause problems for some, antacids can be taken safely by most people. Consumers who use antacids only once in a while, and as directed, are unlikely to experience significant side effects. But antacids may not always be necessary, and they can have serious consequences if used improperly. Frequent and prolonged use can cause irreparable harm to your heart, kidneys, or bones. Even if used occasionally and in moderation, antacids can cause problems for people with special medical conditions. How Do They Work? The opposite of an acid is a base, and thats exactly what an antacid is. Antacids make you feel better by increasing the pH balance in your stomach. The pH system is a scale for measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a given environment (in this case, your stomach). The scale goes from  0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. Below 7 is acid. Above 7 is alkaline. Normally, the acid level in your stomach is about 2 or 3. Trouble may start when your pH drops below those numbers. To make you feel better, an antacid need not bring the pH level all the way up to 7 (neutral), which would be a highly unnatural state for your stomach. In order to work, all the antacid has to do is get you to 3 or 4. It does this by neutralizing some of the excess acid. Due to several complex factors, a base cant neutralize your acid all by itself. A base needs some chemical helpers, or ingredients, to accompany it as it neutralizes the acid in your stomach. All antacids contain at least one of these four primary ingredients: Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminum. Types of Antacids As mentioned above, antacids have four types of ingredients. Within these four types, there are many different brands. Below we discuss each type, name several brands, and discuss their possible side effects. Sodium Antacids (Alka-Seltzer, Bromo-Seltzer, and Others) Sodium bicarbonate (commonly known as baking soda) is perhaps the best-known of the sodium-containing antacids. It is potent and fast-acting. As its name suggests, it is high in sodium. If youre on a salt-restricted diet, and especially if the diet is intended to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), take a sodium-containing antacid only under a doctors orders. Calcium Antacids (Tums, Alka-2, Titralac„ ¢, and Others) Antacids in the form of calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate are also potent and fast-acting. Regular or heavy doses of calcium (more than five or six times per week) can cause constipation. Heavy and extended use of this product may clog your kidneys and cut down the amount of blood they can process. Extended use of calcium antacids can also cause kidney stones. Magnesium Antacids (Maalox, Mylanta, Riopan, Gelusil, and Others) Magnesium salts come in many forms carbonate, glycinate, hydroxide, oxide, trisilicate, and aluminosilicate. it has a mild laxative effect; it can cause diarrhea. For this reason, magnesium salts are rarely used as the only active ingredients in an antacid, but are combined with aluminum, which counteracts the laxative effect. (The brand names listed above all contain magnesium-aluminum combinations.)Like calcium, magnesium may cause kidney stones if taken for a prolonged period, especially if the kidneys are functioning improperly to begin with. A serious magnesium overload in the bloodstream (hypermagnesemia) can also cause blood pressure to drop, leading to respiratory or cardiac depression a potentially dangerous decrease in lung or heart function. Antacids are medications that increase the pH balance in your stomach. A number of symptoms, including heartburn, gastritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can be treated with them. In most cases, antacids start working within a few minutes. It is important to note that they may not always be necessary, and they can have serious consequences if used improperly. Aluminum Antacids (Rolaids, Alternagel , Amphojel, and Others) Salts of aluminum (hydroxide, carbonate gel, or phosphate gel) can also cause constipation. For these reasons, aluminum is usually used in combination with the other three primary ingredients.   Used heavily over an extended period, antacids containing aluminum can weaken bones, especially in people who have kidney problems. Aluminum can cause dietary phosphates, calcium, and fluoride to leave the body, eventually causing bone problems such as osteomalacia or osteoporosis. It should be emphasized that aluminum-containing antacids present virtually no danger to people who have normal kidney function and who use these products only occasionally and as directed. Uses of Antacids Antacids can be used to treat a number of common symptoms in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Some of these antacid uses include: Indigestion Gastritis Heartburn Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) Peptic ulcer. Indigestion Indigestion is a fuzzy word that is often used to refer to vague abdominal discomfort. It is also referred to as: Sour stomach Acid indigestion Upset stomach Acid stomach. Gastritis Gastritis is a condition that occurs when your stomach lining becomes inflamed by too much acid secretion. Heartburn Heartburn occurs when the stomachs contents, including its corrosive juices, go into reverse and come back up the esophagus (known as acid reflux or gastro- esophageal reflux). Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease If you experience gastro esophageal reflux frequently, then you may have something called gastro esophageal reflux disease, or GERD for short. Peptic Ulcer If the location of the burning sensation is a little lower, and if it stays around formore than a few days, you could have a peptic ulcer. An ulcer is simply a sore in your stomach that keeps getting irritated by stomach acid. Side effects Excess calcium from supplements, fortified food and high-calcium diets, can cause the milk-alkali syndrome, which has serious toxicity and can be fatal. In 1915, Bertram Sippy introduced the Sippy regimen of hourly ingestion of milk and cream, the gradual addition of eggs and cooked cereal, for 10 days, combined with alkaline powders, which provided symptomatic relief for peptic ulcer disease. Over the next several decades, the Sippy regimen resulted in renal failure, alkalosis, and hypercalemia, mostly in men with peptic ulcer disease. These adverse effects were reversed when the regimen stopped, but it was fatal in some patients with protracted vomiting. Milk alkali syndrome declined in men after effective treatments were developed for peptic ulcer disease. But during the past 15 years, it has been reported in women taking calcium supplements above the recommended range of 1200 to 1500  mg daily, for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and is exacerbated by dehydration. Cal cium has been added to over-the-counter products, which contributes to inadvertent excessive intake. The New England Journal of Medicine reported a typical case of a woman who arrived in the emergency department vomiting and altered mental status, writhing in pain. She had consumed large quantities of chewable antacid tablets containing calcium carbonate. She gradually recovered. Compounds containing calcium may also increase calcium output in the urine, which might be associated with kidney stones. Calcium salts may cause constipation. Other adverse effects from antacids include Carbonate: regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may result in altered excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones. A chemical reaction between the carbonate and hydrochloric acid may produce carbon dioxide gas. This causes gastric distension which may not be well tolerated. Carbon dioxide formation can also lead to headaches and decreased muscle flexibility. Aluminum hydroxide: may lead to the formation of insoluble aluminium-phosphate-complexes, with a risk for hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. Although aluminium has a low gastrointestinal absorption, accumulation may occur in the presence of renal insufficiency. Aluminium-containing drugs may cause constipation. Magnesium hydroxide: It has laxative properties. Magnesium may accumulate in patients with renal failure leading to hypermagnesemia, with cardiovascular and neurological complications. See Milk of magnesia. Sodium: increased intake of sodium may be deleterious for arterial hypertension, heart failure and many renal diseases. Side effects from antacids vary depending on individual and other medications they may be taking at the time. Those who experience side effects most commonly suffer from changes in bowel functions, such as diarrhea, constipation, or flatulence. Although reactions to any drug may vary from person to person, generally those medications that contain aluminum or calcium are the likeliest to cause constipation, those that contain magnesium are the likeliest to cause diarrhea. Some products combine these ingredients, which essentially cancels them out, to forestall unpleasant side effects. In general, people with kidney problems should probably not take antacids as this can sometimes cause a condition known as alkalosis. In other people, side effects may occur if substances such as salt, sugar, or aspirin, are added to a particular medication. As with all medications, always carefully read the product label on the package and check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any question about potential drug interactions or side effects. Some side effects, such as constipation and diarrhea, are fairly obvious. Other more serious side effects, such as stomach or intestinal; bleeding, can be more difficult to recognize. In general, any sign of blood in the stool or the presence of vomiting is a danger sign and should be brought to the immediate attention of a physician. If your symptoms persist for more than 10 days to two weeks while you are using the medication, you should stop taking it and consult your doctor. Persistent symptoms may indicate that you have more a serious problem than occasional acid reflux. Pregnant or nursing baby should always consult your doctor before taking this medication. Generally, you should not give these medications to children under the age of 12 unless under the advice and supervision of your doctor or the package label has indicated that the product is safe for young children Antacids (The Truth About Antacid) Im sure you know of someone who suffers from heartburn on a regular basis and takes antacids like theyre candy. It might even be you. Most people think the answers to all their stomach problems can be resolved by taking over-the-counter antacids. In reality, their digestive problems typically stem from low stomach acid, very few digestive enzymes, and huge meals that were not chewed well enough. These meals cause food to sit in the digestive tract longer than they should. As a result, food ferments, causing gas and bloating when it is not properly digested. As gases rise and reach the esophagus, they cause pain in the chest that some say feels like a heart attack. Too much gas causes the valve that keeps the stomach contents out of the esophagus to stretch. This spills acid into the esophagus, causing the stinging sensation other wise known as heartburn. Taking an antacid medication may temporarily ease the burning sensation since it reduces stomach acid. When this is done, improper food digestion occurs, and then ferments. Then the whole problem starts all over again. By using antacids to control stomach acid, the stomach compensates by providing more acid. Below I have outlined common ingredients in antacids and their effects on our body. Please read carefully through them. It is amazing that, especially if taken in large doses, antacids can be harmful to your health! Aluminum salts: These salts interfere with the absorption of phosphates. This can lead to constipation, loss of appetite, weakness, and bone damage. Aluminum salts can aggravate patients with Alzheimers disease, kidney disease, those who are dehydrated, and those with certain bone disorders. Calcium salts: In excess, calcium sales can cause constipation, urinary tract disorders, headaches, mood changes, muscles weakness, and nausea. Sodium bicarbonate: This has a laxative effect. Sodium bicarbonate can also affect blood pressure and cause swollen feet and legs. In addition, antacids can interfere with the absorption of vitamins and medication, especially antibiotics. Antacids that contain magnesium can be dangerous when given to people who have a kidney disease. It can also be dangerous for those who suffer from dehydration. I have read that antacids block the vitamin B12â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦the most vital vitamin for the human brain. Researchers believe that the lack of vitamin B12 in the brain may be one cause of Alzheimers disease. If indeed you have osteoporosis or are at risk, or if you are a child, you should never take antacids. I am in the process of putting out 10 proven tips that will reduce your heartburn within a very short period of time. I too have suffered from years and years of agonizing heartburn and it is my pleasure to share these secrets to you. Until recently, I learned the truth about antacids and some proven methods of curing heartburn. Let face it, if you are going to settle for treating heartburn instead of curing it, youll be wasting your money! This method of treatment will bring absolutely no long term effects and a possibility of esophagus cancer could occur. In our next newsletter, I will discuss 10 techniques to conquering heartburn. Antacids are medications that increase the pH balance in your stomach. A number of symptoms, including heartburn, gastritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can be treated with them. In most cases, antacids start working within a few minutes. It is important to note that they may not always be necessary, and they can have serious consequences if used improperly. Is Simethicone an Antacid? Some antacids contain an ingredient called simethicone, a gastric defoaming agent that breaks up gas bubbles, making them easier to eliminate from your body. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) says simethicone is safe and effective in combination with antacids for relief of intestinal gas associated with heartburn. Not all antacids contain simethicone. If you are looking for relief of symptoms associated with gas, read the antacids label carefully to make sure it contains simethicone. What Are Antacids Used For? Antacids can be used to treat a number of common symptoms in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Some of these antacid uses include: Indigestion Gastritis Heartburn Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD for short) Peptic ulcer. If antacids fail to relieve symptoms of any of these conditions within 10 to 15 minutes, or if symptoms are severe, you should visit your doctor.

Smoking and The Human Body Essay -- essays research papers

Smoking is a bad habit which plagues the young, as well as the old. It is the largest source of preventable mortality in North America1. Not only does smoking lead to an early grave, but it can also influence one's daily life. Many studies have revealed links between smoking and reduced endurance capacity2. Nicotine, the addictive agent found in cigarettes, can also be used to control weight gain. Both of these factors can have considerable effect on the sporting world. There have been many studies done, indicating that if you smoked, you did less physical activity. It has also been shown that the more you smoke, the less activity you do. In one experiment done on smokers and non-smokers, the subjects were tested while running a marathon. The experimenters took a large group of mainly non-smokers and army conscripts and measured their performance. It was found that the distance covered in the race was inversely related to daily cigarette consumption3. That is, the more you smoked, the less distance you ran. The longer the participant in the race had been smoking, the worse he/she performed. For example, the average non-smoker could cover 2613 meters in 12 minutes, while a smoker of less than 2 years who smoked 21+ cigarettes a day could only cover 2284 meters. A smoker of more than 4 years who smoked 21+ cigarettes a day could only cover 2188 meters4. These results show how performance decreases the more a person smokes in their lifetime. An experiment performed by Robert C. Klesges et al. found that although smokers did fewer sports, and leisure time activities, they did the same amount of anaerobic activities5. The study also found that smokers had the same energy intake as non-smokers, indicating that eating habits were not a factor in the fitness levels. Smokers average 30-35 kcal per day less of high intensity activity than non-smokers6. This reduced aerobic physical activity can be attributed to the fact that smoking causes an increase in carboxyhemoglobin which decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, which would cause relative hypoxia in tissues and lead to reduced performance during maximal physical exertion7. Since smoking is so detrimental to the oxygen transport system, it effects endurance capacity more than any other element of fitness such as muscle strength or speed. This must be taken in consideration if an athlete wishe... ...scripts and 4,100 Joggers," Preventive Medicine v17 (1988), p89. 9 Winders, Suzan E. and Neil E. Grunberg. "Effects of nicotine on body weight, food consumption and body composition in male rats," Life Sciences v46 no.21 (1990), p1523. 10 Winders, Suzan E. and Neil E. Grunberg. "Effects of nicotine on body weight, food consumption and body composition in male rats," Life Sciences v46 no.21 (1990), pp1528-1529. 11 Klesges, Robert C. et al. "Smoking Status: effects on dietary intake, physical activity, and body fat of adult men," American Journal Of Clinical Nutrition v51 (May 1990), p786. 12 Waldum, Helge L. et al. "Long-Term Effects of Inhaled Nicotine," Life Sciences v58 no.16 (Mar. 1996), p1345. 13 Waldum, Helge L. et al. "Long-Term Effects of Inhaled Nicotine," Life Sciences v58 no.16 (Mar. 1996), p1345. 14 "Smoking To Stay Thin--The Body-Image Connection," OPHEA Journal Autumn, 1996, p17. 15 "Smoking To Stay Thin--The Body-Image Connection," OPHEA Journal Autumn, 1996, p17. 16 Waldum, Helge L. et al. "Long-Term Effects of Inhaled Nicotine," Life Sciences v58 no.16 (Mar. 1996), p1346. 5

Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings by

The evolution of technology has been hand in hand with the human subjugation of earth, but the question persists, when does the use of technology go too far? Advances in medical science have increased the average human lifespan and improved the quality of life for individuals. Medical science and biology are steadily arriving at new ways to alter humans by the use of advanced genetic alteration. This technology gives rise to the question of how this new technology ought to be used, if at all. The idea of human enhancement is a very general topic, since humans are constantly â€Å"enhancing† themselves through the use of tools. In referring to human enhancement, I am referring specifically to the use of genetic intervention prior to birth. Julian Savulescu, in his, â€Å"Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings,† argues that it is not only permissible to intervene genetically, but is a morally obligatory. In this paper, I will argue t hat it is not morally obligatory to intervene genetically even if such intervention may be permissible under certain criteria. I will show, in contrast to Savulescu’s view, that the moral obligation to intervene is not the same as the moral obligation to prevent and treat disease. In short, I will show that the ability of humans to intervene genetically is not sufficient to establish a moral obligation. The first argument given for the obligation of genetic enhancement is the postulate of the â€Å"Neglectful Parents†. Savulescu considers the case of two types of parents, the neglectful parents and the lazy parents. The neglectful parents have a child that has a condition wherein a simple, cheap dietary supplement must be given so that the child maintains an advanced intellect. ... ...ealth Organization. World Health Organization, 3 September 2007. Web. 4 Apr 2011. . Nordqvist , Christian. "What Is Health? What Does Good Health Mean?." Medical News Today 21 May 2009: n. pag. Web. 1 Apr 2011. . Parens, Erik. "Special Supplement: Is Better Always Good? The Enhancement Project." Hastings Center Report 28.1 (1998): s1-s17. Web. 1 Apr 2011. . Parker, Michael. "The Best Possible Child." Journal of Medical Ethics 33.5 (2007): 279-283. Web. 1 Apr 2011. . Savulescu, Julian. â€Å"Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Human Beings.† Readings in the Philosophy of Technology. Ed. David Kaplan. 2nd ed. Lanham: Roman & Littlefield, 2009. 417-430.